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Mate van werkgeheugenbelasting tijdens ‘recall’ en vervagen van herinneringen
Samenvatting
Oogbewegingen tijdens het denken aan emotionele herinneringen maakt deze herinneringen minder levendig/emotioneel. Volgens de werkgeheugentheorie komt dit doordat deze taken een competitie aangaan met beperkte werkgeheugencapaciteit. De theorie voorspelt dat elke duale-taak die het werkgeheugen belast herinneringen minder levendig/emotioneel maakt en er een omgekeerd U-verband is tussen de mate van werkgeheugenbelasting en heilzame effecten: grotere belasting leidt tot grotere effecten, maar extreem-belastende taken verhinderen het ophalen van herinneringen, wat de voordelen tegengaat. We gingen na of hoofdrekenen tijdens het ophalen van nare herinneringen helderheid/emotionaliteit vermindert, en werkgeheugenbelasting en verminderde helderheid/emotionaliteit de voorspelde kwadratische relatie vertonen. Deelnemers haalden een beeld op van het Koninginnedagdrama (1-3 maanden later), beoordeelden de helderheid/emotionaliteit en werden ingedeeld in één van de vier condities: alleen-ophalen of ophalen met ‘simpel', ‘gemiddeld' of ‘complex' hoofdrekenen. Daarna werden helderheid/emotionaliteit opnieuw beoordeeld. Hoofdrekenen verminderde de helderheid/emotionaliteit van herinneringen vergeleken met alleen-ophalen. Het omgekeerde U-verband gold voor emotionaliteit, niet voor helderheid.
Summary
Taxing working memory reduces vividness and emotionality of images about the Queen's Day tragedy
Eye movements while thinking of distressing memories reduce their vividness and emotionality, which may be due to both tasks competing for working memory (WM) resources. WM-theory predicts an inverted U-shaped relationship between degree of taxing and beneficial effects: greater WM-taxing will more greatly reduce vividness/emotionality, but extremely taxing tasks prevent memory recall, thereby reducing benefits. This study examined whether mental arithmetic during memory recall reduce image vividness/emotionality, and WM-taxing and reduced vividness/emotionality show the predicted quadratic relationship. Participants retrieved an image of the Queen's Day tragedy, rated it for vividness/emotionality, and were assigned to one of four conditions: exposure alone or exposure with concurrent ‘simple', ‘intermediate', or ‘complex' arithmetic. Afterwards, vividness/emotionality were rated again. A reaction time task showed that the arithmetic tasks increasingly taxed WM. Consistent with WM-theory, exposure with arithmetic reduced image vividness/emotionality vs. exposure alone. The expected inverse U-curve relationship was found for emotionality, not for vividness.
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